Gender Roles During The Middle East - 2731 Words

What do you think of when you hear gender roles? You probably think of men and women having the same opportunities. Or you think of how there isn’t gender equality in most places in the world. Most people are against others saying that males and females should have gender roles, or that one thing should be identified into a gender role. There are very different norms in different societies around the world. Not all are agreed with, but some are completely supported. Gender roles have changed throughout evolution. Gender roles can even be created from humans portraying something a certain way. Life for those who have their life controlled by one human struggle with gender roles and how they should be. But how did gender roles even become a topic? How are gender roles for people who have almost no rights? The Middle East has different tendencies than in other places in the world, due to the fact of the religion they practice and the way they live. Islam is the second most popula r religion in the world. There were about 1.6 billion Muslims in the world in 2010, according to Pew Research. Muslims constituted about 23% of all people on Earth. The religion is currently in a period of rapid growth, and is expected to reach 2.8 billion by 2050, when the number of Muslims will probably approximately equal the number of Christians in the world. Estimates of the number of Muslim adults in the U.S. have ranged from 1 to 7 million. The former estimate is based on public opinion pollsShow MoreRelatedWomen And The Middle East And North Africa1148 Words   |  5 PagesThe diversities within North Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia (cultural, religious, political, etc.) play a crucial part in the status of women and the key features of gender roles in these particular geographic regions. The Middle East and North Africa share commonalities through Arabic and Islamic culture. 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The middle-classed people had religiousRead MoreA Summary Of The Clash Of Civilization1608 Words   |  7 Pagesthe â€Å"Clash of Civilizations: And the Remaking of World Order, then Edward Said writing a scholarly essay on his theory known as Orientalism. These two theories both established in the same era refer to issues within economies like the Women in the Middle World. Clash of Civilization The Clash of Civilizations is a theory or hypothesis that came about after the Cold War. A scientist by the name of Huntington P. Samuel wrote a book and article called The Clash of Civilization; And the Remaking ofRead MoreTextual Analysis Of Leila Ahmed s Women And Gender1451 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Leila Ahmed’s â€Å"Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate† â€Å"Women and Gender in Islam† by Leila Ahmed was published in 1992, at a time when research on Arab women was a young, newly emerging field of study. Leila Ahmed is an Egyptian American writer and feminist. 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The Big Society A Realistic Objective or a Political Myth Free Essays

string(31) " the new coalition government\." Chapter 1 Introduction Socio-political background The connection between civil society and the state reflects the changing nature of the public – private interaction and poses questions about the role of government in advanced capitalist societies. The constantly changing dynamics of the public-private coexistence is a direct response to the processes of globalization and modernization, which have placed the state in an entirely different realm, and have challenged its parameters as a political entity. On the international level, what Samuel Huntington called â€Å"the third wave of democratization† (1991) has seen the globalization of world politics, and according to some, the undermined capacity of the state (Cerny, 1990; Scholte, 2006; Rosenau 1990). We will write a custom essay sample on The Big Society: A Realistic Objective or a Political Myth? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The third wave of democratization in the world has also been marked by the rise of the global civil society and the increasing power of non-governmental organizations and associations (Bull, 1977). On the domestic level, a similar process can be traced. Throughout the last several decades, the traditional political ubiquity of the state has been challenged, with the rise of civil society and associational democracy (Baccaro, 2002). The state no longer exists in its exhausted and narrow confinement as a ‘provider’ of public services. Its functions, theorists like Baccaro argue, have been divulged to the local communities and voluntary associations, which have become the new pillar not only of public opinion, but also for public advocacy in legislature. Civil society challenges the modern state to some extent, but its functions do not aim to undermine its capabilities. As this dissertation will argue, they seek to reinforce them. 1.2 Research aims This dissertation will examine the feasibility and sustainability of the Big Society Project as a model of political governance. In order to do this, the author will focus on the connection between the private and the public in the contemporary state, and will assess the resuscitating power of civil society in the public sector. It will illustrate the theoretical connection between the two through the critical analysis of a rather contemporary juxtaposition between civil society and the state, proposed by the Conservative Party in 2010. Specific aspects will cover the shift of state powers from the public to the private realm. 1.3 Historical trends before the Big Society Although the Big Society was represented as a strategy by the Conservative Party, its ideological tenets can be found in earlier observations, related to the rise of an independent civil state and community participation. Attempts to accommodate civil society and the state in the same political equation have started at the turn of the last century, with a deep reconsideration of the main characteristics of advanced capitalist societies and the role of the state. A leading Marxist theorist, Antonio Gramsci proposes a classic division between the state and non-state elements of governance in his Selections from the Prison Notebooks (1971). He views civil society as an organic entity, which exists beyond the realm of the government. The controversy in his theoretical model of governance comes from the exaggerated view that the civil society can exist as a self-regulatory body in a stateless world. A more moderate view on the connection between civil society and the state is proposed by sociologist Max Weber. In his Politics of the Civil Society Weber discusses the idea of public citizenship and its role in mass democracy. He discusses civil society not as an alternative, but as a cultivating force, neces sary for the existence of the modern state (Weber, 2004). The Weberian approach to understanding civil society suggests that the connection between the public and private is not necessarily exclusionary, as suggested by the Marxists. In his 1962 Capitalism and Political Freedom, economist Milton Friedman discusses economic neo-liberalism as an important prerequisite for political freedom of the citizens. He emphasizes the central role of the government as a provider of legislature, which would enforce property rights and civil institutions. Friedman’s economic philosophy of government intervention suggests a model of public-private form of governance. In an extensive study on social movements called Beyond Left and Right, Anthony Giddens goes even further and suggests that social movements are stronger advocates for change than political parties are (Giddens, 1994). Last but not least, in his Bowling Alone: America’s Declining Social Capital (1995) Robert Putnam uses the decline of voluntary associations and civic engagement to explain the social decay of the American community. As symptoms of social apathy, he points out the political disengagement of the American public and its growing distrust to the government (Putnam, 1995). The ideological tenet of the Big Society can also be related to what Lucio Baccaro calls associational democracy (2002). He describes associational democracy as the intersection between civil society and the state. Baccaro’s vision of decentralization and empowerment of the local communities can be used to fit the Big Society into a wider theoretical realm. Baccaro offers a model of public-private governance, which reveals elements of societal conservatism behind the Big Society’s main goal – the shift of regulatory powers from the government bureaucrats into the hands of the people. It is not difficult to notice a historical trend on the changing divisions between civil society and the state. Last several decades have witnessed a major shift towards empowerment of the private sector, and transfer of powers and regulatory functions in the hands civil society organizations. This trend does not necessarily mean however that the state as a provider of services and individual well-being is in decline. On the contrary, this historic tendency suggests that civil society is a pillar, not a threat to the state and can act as a channel for reform in the public sector. The next section will examine its contemporary manifestations as a policy, proposed by David Cameron and the Conservative Party in 2010. 1.4. What is the Big Society In July 2010 in Liverpool, after the general elections, David Cameron re-launched the Big Society Programme, which was to become part of the political platform of the new coalition government. You read "The Big Society: A Realistic Objective or a Political Myth?" in category "Essay examples" The programme had five main tenets: localism and more power for the communities; volunteerism; transfer of power from central to local government; support of cooperatives, charities, and social enterprises; transparency of government legislation (Cameron, 2010). Under the Big Society programme, initiatives such as the Big Society Bank and the National Citizen Service (NCS) were established. The idea behind the Big Society is to attribute more responsibilities to the citizens as key participants in the policy-making process. According to David Cameron, its main purpose was to propose a ground up approach of governance, where power and ideas will derive from the people (Cameron, 2010). The Conservative Party proposed the Big Society Project as the engine of public sector reform. The government indicated that the Big Society would empower local communities in their attempts to solve problems in their own neighborhood, and to voice their opinions. 1.4.1 Ideology The ideology behind the Big Society is an unconventional type of conservatism. It views successful governance as a hybrid between the private and the public sectors, and citizens’ initiative as a prerequisite for associational democracy. The idea behind the Big Society is very often confused with classic Marxism, which offers an extreme and rather utopian view of civic associations as a necessary replacement of the state. The rise of a big society however, does not imply the demise of the state. The Big Society can be interpreted as a politically sensible response to the economic recession, poverty, and social breakdown. It has lead to Cameron’s recognition of the role of the public sector and volunteerism as antidotes of a disintegrating society (Bochel Defty, 2010; Evans, 2011; Smith, 2010). The ideas of the Big Society diverge from the stance of some of David Cameron’s predecessors such as Margaret Thatcher, because it recognizes the role of non-state associa tions as advocates for political change and providers for the citizens. At the same time, it does not use the societal factor as an umbrella for a smaller government (Norman, 2011; Smith, 2010). Therefore, the ideology behind the Big Society can be described as societal conservatism. Societal should not be confused with social (or socialist), because the Big Society project does not exclude privatization within the welfare sector and public sector cuts. 1.4.2 Responses The Big Society project has provoked mixed responses. Its supporters claim that the idea to unite the public and the private sector as providers for the citizens is revolutionary and democratically advanced. Liberals tend to view this idea as innovative, because it emphasizes the role of the citizens in shaping modern day policy. The main criticisms of the Big Society are that is has been used to justify the radical budget cuts in the public and social sectors, and is too utopian to be implemented in practice. A popular criticism points to the lack of citizens’ incentive and appropriate skills, which are prerequisites for a fulfilling civic participation (Grint Holt, 2011; Hasan, 2010). 1.4.3 Local empowerment and decentralization Localism and decentralization have been key tenets on the Big society agenda. Some of the proposals, designed to empower local authorities and citizens include introducing directly elected mayors and police commissioners; devolving the financial powers of local government; increasing transparency and letting local citizens choose the organisational structure of their local council (Inside Government, 2011). The ideology behind local empowerment and decentralization is akin to the neo-liberal political thought. The transformation of local empowerment into an actual policy came to life in March 2011, when the Localism Bill was passed by the House of Commons despite controversies over social housing (Hodge, 2011). Some of the prescriptions of the Localism Bill have already been put into practice. Ministers have started giving councils greater financial freedom, by devolving ?7 billion more of government funding. They have removed burdens and bureaucratic controls so that they local governments can prioritize budgets to support public services in ways, which meet the priorities of local people and communities (Communities Local Government, 2011). This is one way to enhance reform in the public sector, as it will give more incentive for local governments to improve their services, and they will be transformed from recipients of policy, into actual initiators of one. 1.4.4 Volunteerism Another important tenet of the Big Society Project is the idea of volunteerism and civic associations. The new government has encouraged voluntary organizations and social enterprises, as another way to reform the public sector. Two of the key programmes, related to Big Society volunteerism are the National Citizens Service (NCS) and Community Organizers. These two programmes target thousands of volunteers of all age groups and different social backgrounds nationwide, and their participation in community projects in 2011 and 2012 (Cabinet Office, 2011). The ideology behind volunterrism relates to associational democracy, which holds that democratization does not necessarily come from the state, but also from the citizenry, with its accumulated incentives and skills. As far as policy is concerned, both NCS and Community Organizers already exist as programmes. Whether efficacy has been achieved will be discussed in detail in the following chapters. In general, the Big Society is an opportunity for citizens to participate in the actual process of policy-making and to provide first-hand feedback to those responsible for legislation. The most important component of the Big Society is the financial autonomy of the local councils, because it will play important part in the allocation of budgets. Local councils know the needs of their residents better than the national government (Smith, 2010; Norman, 2011). Their financial plans will be much more realistic and sustainable, targeting the public sectors policies, which have the biggest demand and have been starved for resources in the past. Financial decentralization can bring not only better quality of public sector services, but also more realistic response to the actual needs of the local residents. 1.5 Summary This chapter has traced the historical and policy features of the idea of the Big Society, and has examined some of its basic tenets. The remaining chapters will examine in detail the feasibility of the Big Society as a form of political governance, which can make local communities more involved in the policy-making process. Bibliography: Baccaro, L. (2002) â€Å"Civil Society Meets the State: A Model of Associational Democracy†. International Labour Office Working Paper No. DP/138/2002. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=334860 or doi:10.2139/ssrn.334860 Retrieved 05.03.2012 Bochel, H. Defty, A. (2010) â€Å"Safe as HouseConservative Social Policy, Public Opinion and Parliament†, The Political Quarterly, Vol 81, No 1, January-March Bull, H. (1977). The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillian Cabinet Office (2010) â€Å"Government Launches Big Society Programme†, 18 May, Available at: http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/news/government-launches-big-society-programme Retrieved 05.03.2012 ___________ (2010) â€Å"Government Puts Big Society at the Heart of Public Sector Reform†, 18 May Available at: http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/news/big-society-heart-public-sector-reform Retrieved 05.03.2012 ___________ (2010) â€Å"Building the Big Society†, Available at: http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/sites/default/files/resources/building-big-society.pdf Retrieved 05.03.2012 Cameron, D. (2010) â€Å"Big Society Speech†, Monday, 19 July Available at: http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/speeches-and-transcripts/2010/07/big-society-speech-53572 Retrieved 05.03.2012 Cerny, P.G. (1990). The Changing Architecture of Politics: Structure, Agency and the Future of the State, London Communities and Local Government (2011) â€Å"The Localism Bill marks a turning point†, 7 June, Available at: http://www.communities.gov.uk/news/corporate/1917316 Retrieved 05.03.2012 Della Porta, D. Diani, M. (2006). Social Movements: An Introduction. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, UK. p. 93-113 Evans, K. (2011) â€Å"Big Society in the UK: A Policy Review†, Vol 25, Issue 2, pp. 164-171, March Friedman, M. (1962) â€Å"The Relation between Economic Freedom and Political Freedom,† Capitalism and Freedom. University of Chicago Press, pp. 7-17 Available at: http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/ipe/friedman.htm Retrieved 05.03.2012 Giddens, A. (1994) Beyond Left and Right. The Future of Radical Politics, Stanford University Press Gramsci, A. (1971) Selections from the Prison Notebooks, Lawrence and Wishart Grint, K. Holt, C. (2011) â€Å"Leading Questions: If ‘Total Place’, ‘Big Society’ and local leadership are the answers: What’s the question?†, Leadership, 7 (I) 85-98 Hasan, M. (2010) â€Å"The Sham of Cameron’s Big Society†, New Statesman, 22 November Hodge, K. (2011) â€Å"Localism bill passed, advice for the elderly and regeneration cash†, Housing Network Blog, Guardian, 19 May Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/housing-network/2011/may/19/localism-bill-advice-elderly-regeneration-cash Retrieved 05.03.2012 Huntington, S. P. (1991) Democracy’s Third Wave. The Journal of Democracy, 2(2) Inside Government (2011) â€Å"Big Society 2011: Empowering Communities, Encouraging Social Action and Opening Up Public Services†, 31 March Available at: http://www.insidegovernment.co.uk/economic_dev/big-society-2011/ Retrieved 05.03.2012 Marquand, D. (2004) The Decline of the Public: Hollowing Out Citizenship, Polity Press, Cambridge Norman, J. (2011) The Anatomy of the New Politics Buckingham: University of Buckingham Press Putnam, R. (1995). â€Å"Bowling Alone. America’s Declining Social Capital† Journal of Democracy 6, 65-78 Available at: http://canonsociaalwerk.be/1995_Putnam/1995,%20Putnam,%20bowling%20alone.pdf Rosenau, J.N. (1990) Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory and Continuity, London Scholte, J.A.(2006). Globalization a Critical Introduction. Palgrave Macmilian, UK. p. 13-123 Smith, M. (2010) â€Å"From Big Government to Big Society: Changing the State–Society Balance†, Parliamentary Affairs, Vol. 63, Issue 4, pp. 818-833 Weber, M. (2004) Politics of the Civil Society, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press How to cite The Big Society: A Realistic Objective or a Political Myth?, Essay examples

Film Review Difret Essay Example For Students

Film Review Difret Essay Difret is a movie about a young, 14 year old girl, who was kidnapped on her way home from school one day. Her name was Hirut and seemed very quite. She had just received a note from the teacher saying she could move on to the 5th grade. Unfortunate for her, it wasn’t a good day. She got kidnapped by a man that wants to marry her against her will. When she escapes, she shoots and kills her soon to be husband, and that’s where it all started. She was being accused for murder, and was prisoned in jail for life. We will write a custom essay on Film Review Difret specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now But then a lady, named Meaza ashenafi, comes to her rescue and tries to get her a trial and tells them that she should be charged for self-defense not murder. Because in Ethiopia it was common for man to abduct their wives, her self-defense argument was being ignored, and most of the village wanted to kill Hirut. Throughout the whole movie Hirut was struggling, but at the end Hirut won, with the help of Meaza. It was a great movie, but sometimes hard to understand what they were actually saying because it wasn’t in English. The movie is most likely set in Africa, because it seemed real. In my opinion the ending didn’t make any sense. Why did Hirut just walk away? Where is she going to go? She doesn’t have a place to live, and neither can she go back to her village to her family. She says good-bye to Meaza, but she was the only lady that would have been able to take care of her. She doesn’t have anywhere to be, neither does she have something remaining to do. There are moments where it was silent when it wasn’t needed. The acting of the actors was good for the most part but sometimes the back up actors don’t seem to like what their doing, for example the police officer that always salutes to the chief. It seems like he is being forced to act. Otherwise the movie looked professionally made and not cheap. This movie also gives you the feeling of how lucky a person is to live in other countries such as America. Movies like these make you think of what goes on in the rest of the world. After watching the movie, I felt so bad for the girls in AfricaDifret is a movie about a young, 14 year old girl, who got kidnapped on her way home from school one day. Her name was Hirut and seemed very quite. She had just received a note from the teacher saying she could move on to the 5th grade. Unfortunate for her, it wasn’t a good day. She got kidnapped by a man that wants to marry her against her will. When she escapes, she shoots and kills her soon to be husband, and that’s where it all started. She was being accused for murder, and was prisoned in jail for life. But then a lady, named Meaza ashenafi, comes to her rescue and tries to get her a trial and tells them that she should be charged for self-defense not murder. Because in Ethiopia it was common for man to abduct their wives, her self-defense argument was being ignored, and most of the village wanted to kill Hirut. Throughout the whole movie Hirut was struggling, but at the end Hirut won, with the help of Meaza. Difret is a movie about a young, 14 year old girl, who got kidnapped on her way home from school one day. Her name was Hirut and seemed very quite. She had just received a note from the teacher saying she could move on to the 5th grade. Unfortunate for her, it wasn’t a good day. She got kidnapped by a man that wants to marry her against her will. When she escapes, she shoots and kills her soon to be husband, and that’s where it all started. .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a , .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a .postImageUrl , .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a , .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a:hover , .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a:visited , .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a:active { border:0!important; } .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a:active , .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: An exploration of the ways in which the Two Film Openings present their Characters and Themes EssayShe was being accused for murder, and was prisoned in jail for life. But then a lady, named Meaza ashenafi, comes to her rescue and tries to get her a trial and tells them that she should be charged for self-defense not murder. Because in Ethiopia it was common for man to abduct their wives, her self-defense argument was being ignored, and most of the village wanted to kill Hirut. Throughout the whole movie Hirut was struggling, but at the end Hirut won, with the help of Meaza. It was a great movie, but sometimes hard to understand what they were actually saying because it wa sn’t in English. The movie is most likely set in Africa, because it seemed real. In my opinion the ending didn’t make any sense. Why did Hirut just walk away? Where is she going to go? She doesn’t have a place to live, and neither can she go back to her village to her family. She says good-bye to Meaza, but she was the only lady that would have been able to take care of her. She doesn’t have anywhere to be, neither does she have something remaining to do. There are moments where it was silent when it wasn’t needed. The acting of the actors was good for the most part but sometimes the back up actors don’t seem to like what their doing, for example the police officer that always salutes to the chief. It seems like he is being forced to act. Otherwise the movie looked professionally made and not cheap. This movie also gives you the feeling of how lucky a person is to live in other countries such as America. Movies like these make you think of what goes on in the rest of the world. After watching the movie, I felt so bad for the girls in Africa. It was a great movie, but sometimes hard to understand what they were actually saying because it wasn’t in English. The movie is most likely set in Africa, because it seemed real. In my opinion the ending didn’t make any sense. Why did Hirut just walk away? Where is she going to go? She doesn’t have a place to live, and neither can she go back to her village to her family. She says good-bye to Meaza, but she was the only lady that would have been able to take care of her. She doesn’t have anywhere to be, neither does she have something remaining to do. There are moments where it was silent when it wasn’t needed. The acting of the actors was good for the most part but sometimes the back up actors don’t seem to like what their doing, for example the police officer that always salutes to the chief. It seems like he is being forced to act. Otherwise the movie looked professionally made and not cheap. This movie also gives you the feeling of how lucky a person is to live in other countries such as America. Movies like these make you think of what goes on in the rest of the world. After watching the movie, I felt so bad for the girls in Africa.

Situational Analysis Of The Golf Growth In Italy Tourism Essay Essay Example

Situational Analysis Of The Golf Growth In Italy Tourism Essay Essay In this paper I would wish to analyse the state of affairs of golf growing and its increasing popularity between people. Our purpose is to demo state of affairs of golf as a sort of athletics integrating into touristry. Recently, the specializers are speaking about the development of internal and external touristry. The inquiries about the demand to increase the quantitative indexs, by simplifying visa processs, making and keeping an attractive image of the state for foreign tourers are examined. However, all members of the tourer market understand that in the first topographic point, it is necessary to better the quality and scope of services in this market. And this, as a consequence, will heighten a greater figure of consumers of the domestic market and it will be another extra inducement to go to our state of foreign tourers. We will write a custom essay sample on Situational Analysis Of The Golf Growth In Italy Tourism Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Situational Analysis Of The Golf Growth In Italy Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Situational Analysis Of The Golf Growth In Italy Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I should observe that the United States Tourism Development of State Department has determined that the golf class it s one of those countries, which presence demonstrates the version for tourers of unknown environment of the state to clear criterions. Each golf class is alone, what makes followings of golf attempt to coerce new Fieldss, thereby promoting them to go. In other words, holding a golf class demonstrates the high degree of comfort and services in the part, every bit good as an apprehension of these criterions by host and by client. The word golf is associated with the green Fieldss with low-cropped grass and little groups of people who chased the ball from the hole to hole. Today there are more than 70 million people playing golf. This athletics is turning. Harmonizing to Ketzscher and Ringrose ( 2002 ) we see that statistics show that in Asia 3,580 golf classs in Australia -1955, in Europe 5020 in North America -17,538 in Africa 542 ( if desired can be played on a individual field in the poorest state in the universe Chad ) . To day of the month, North America and Japan are occupied a dominant market place. Supporting of the field requires considerable outgo associated with the day-to-day cost of sod, landscape fix and care of the fleet. Golf roar in the late 80 s of Twenty century in Europe and the United States, on the one manus, helped many husbandmans to get away from ruin, turning land into manicured lawns, golf classs. That was plenty for a profitable concern. This tendency started in the early of last century. The game is built on the rule of a big field, but it uses 18 Fieldss. Mini Golf does non necessitate particular accomplishments and preparation, and a low fee has made it low-cost for about everyone. Exploitation of sites is simple, requires no particular capital investing, land acquisition and particular making. Attraction rapidly pays for itself, because you can really play the whole twelvemonth. Mini Golf is divided into unreal differentiation, or assorted ( artificial-natural ) coverage. Therefore, a landscape of mini-golf class is considered one of the most beautiful and esteemed one. In May 2009 the Italian Tourism Board launched a run aimed at increasing the state s figure of golf resorts, which should involvement potency investors. This was reported in the Journal of Golf North East. Golf A ; More a run aimed at advancing the thought of golf in parts such as Liguria, Toscana, Sardegna, Sicilia, Bolzano and Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Golf is one of the chief attractive elements in the development of touristry in the part. The Italian authorities has decided to put over 400 million euros in the development of golf resorts on the Mediterranean seashore of the southern states of Italy. This was done to assist these parts to maintain up with the already bing golf classs, such as Spain, Portugal and other traditional tourer finishs in Italy: Venice, Florence and Rome. Golf resorts are of involvement non merely fans of the game: the golf class following to a residential composite ensures a beautiful position out the window and low-interest lodging. Many states have started to construct golf resorts to pull more vacationists and year-round development of touristry. These states include Portugal, Turkey, UAE, Cyprus, non to advert Spain. Italy is a little state with a really comfy clime and a rich historical heritage. Demand for belongings in Italy will ever be, but the proposal is rather limited. Attracting tourers in Italy are non required. Why is there such exhilaration about golf? Italy is seeking to follow the manner universe on golf resorts, or for their visual aspect there are nonsubjective grounds? In Italy, 258 golf classs and merely approximately 80 000 registered golf players. Golf it s still non an Italian athletics. And this despite the fact that you can play here all twelvemonth unit of ammunition. In Italy, golf is treated as a athletics for rich prig. This is partially due to the fact that virtually all the clubs private and public, and there are non municipal Fieldss. Italians love association football, good nutrient and vino, vocals, frock up and go by auto bewildering design Italians love beautiful life. Therefore, traveling to Italy for the development of new golf classs would be sensible to take the clip to acquire acquainted with local gustatory sensations. The unchallenged leader in quality and measure of golf classs is an country of Lakes ( Como, Garda, Maggiore, Lugano ) . Plenty of good Fieldss are in Piedmont, around Venice, Tuscany, Emilia Romagna and around Rome. Three golf classs are located in Sardinia. Congestion golf Italy is low. To happen Tea Time o n weekdays, no job. On weekends and vacations is harder and free clip you will be offered, most likely in the afternoon. I think that the creative activity of golf resorts is non connected with the desire of the governments to do the state more and more popular. Construction of a big figure of golf classs non merely in Italy but besides everyplace in the universe it does non add more sites to increase the flow of tourers. It s merely a healthy tendency said Gennady Gabrielian. Golf and life, matching to this sort of athletics, are suppressing more Black Marias and heads. Analyzing the academic literature I examined that the job of Italy that the Southern parts of the state are non attractive for tourers. Strawn ( 2010 ) stated that 100s stat mis of coastline stretching along the sea, but most tourers visit Rome, a metropolis of Tuscany or Venice. Therefore, pulling tourers to the southern zone by the development of golf concern would be a solution of the job. Luigi Rota Caremoli is Italian golf designer see Italian scenery really attractive for playing golf. He said approximately good conditions status, geographical place of Italy which give an first-class chance to populate in the leafy vegetables . Over the past two decades the state of affairs with golf classs in Italy has changed dramatically. Previously, the game of golf has been distributed merely among the elite, but now it is popular besides among ordinary people. Harmonizing to McGrath, McCormick A ; Garrity ( 2006 ) , we see that every twelvemonth the figure of golf players increased by 3 % . Beard ( 1982 ) stated that the golf took his start in Italy from the first Italian international tourney where the victor was Costantino Rocca. The golf designer Dr Wilfried Mroder said about development of golf in Italy that national pride began from the triumph of Costantino Rocca in 1995 Open Championship. His follower is Italian amateur Matteo Manassero. The visual aspect of new golf channel on Television, newspapers began write more about well-known Matteo Manassero: all these factors indicates on developing popularity of golf in Italy. Matteo Silvestri indicates that the jobs of golf development in Italy are in bureaucratism of the state. Many political relations try to ignorance these jobs. The 2nd job is in cost of golf practising which is high with comparing of other sorts of athletics. So many people think that this game is a privilege of rich people. But politicians do non take into consideration the edifice of golf classs for touristry particularly during the best months of a twelvemonth. Apostolopoulos A ; Gayle ( 2002 ) besides indicate that there are some jobs with constructing golf classs. Environmental groups show a great opposition to it. Several proposals are under consideration in the authorities for a long clip. One of them is at that place for 18 old ages and has received no positive or negative response. So, what chief aims of developing golf in Italy can we see? As I have already examined the large trade is tourist deduction. World Golf touristry is estimated to be worth more than $ 20 billion yearly. About 50 million Golf tourers going around the universe, playing on 32,000 Fieldss. In the U.S. entirely there are 25 million golf players, more than 8 million in Europe, and Asiatic protagonists of the game grow exponentially. Besides an of import point is, that the developers have realized that the house being sold on a golf class make an extra net income in the premium section. Homebuyers like to be in nature ( well-dressed golf class ) and at the same clip in a topographic point of amusement. Williams ( 2003 ) believed that golf can travel into new parts with new engineerings of building and care. Most proprietors of golf resorts know and expect that their Fieldss become profitable, if non instantly, so surely in the close hereafter. Golf can be a beginning of pride for the developer and proprietor. Municipalities can be invested in golf resorts non merely for amusement. A good illustration here is the golf class Chambers Bay, Washington State, Pierce County. Local governments have transformed an abandoned prey at the golf class. At this field was US Open for amateurs this twelvemonth, and in 2015 will be held US Open -golf title among professionals. They expect this event to convey $ 100 million in gross to the exchequer of the municipality. Methodology of making golf classs needs particular attending. I should emphasize the major points as economic and physiographic parametric quantities. Economic parametric quantities consist of such issues. In most instances, a golf class is portion of a major tourer installation or other existent belongings for assorted intents. Taking this into history when choosing the site for building of a golf class, you must see two factors: the intent of building a golf class and land values. Economic parametric quantities are most important in finding the country under building, depending on whether it is portion of the tourer composite, private closed nine or a public establishment. Often, most golf classs being built in topographic points where there is the possible development of tourer concern, or attractive force to this game population that lives in the selected countries. Depending on the bing premises and the presence of the mark audience, choice of a suited topographic point for edifice plays a cardinal function in accomplishing undertaking success. The cost of land and building costs depend on the farness of the site chosen from a big colony. On the one manus, the value of suburban countries in big industrialised metropoliss is really high and the building of private or municipal Fieldss on their district is complicated, although the possible benefits of such a field can be much greater than on the field in a distant country. On the other manus, the value of land outside the metropolis is much lower, but increases the cost of building due to transit of equipment and supplies. There are six major physiographic factors that well affect the pick of object: size of the district ; topography of the country ; dirt type ; natural drainage ; flora ; beginnings of H2O and electricity. Size of the country depends on topography, site constellation, planned length of the field, the figure and size of bing trees, pools, lakes, rivers, the size of the planned dividing zones between the holes, the estimated figure of edifices ( hotel, athleticss composite, parking, etc. ) . When planing a golf composite, which includes drive scope, nine, parking installations for staff and hotel demand in the size of district varies in the scope from 65 hectares to 80 hectares. Designed by golf class is straight depending on the terrain. This factor, more than any other, affects the overall visual aspect of the field and his personality. The undertaking of interior decorators is the choice of such a signifier and location of Wellss, which will necessitate the least intercession into the bing natural landscape, which is due to the economic feasibleness and demands for the preservation of natural ecological conditions. Construction of golf classs on the high land is much simpler and cheaper than in the Lowlandss. Harmonizing to Parkes ( 1996 ) it becomes obvious that inordinate humidness in the field, particularly after intense rains may take to cancellation of the game for a long period with all its effects the decrease of gross revenues, the dissatisfaction of the nine members, participants and the similar. Volume and distance of objects of energy supply ( fuel, electricity, sewage, imbibing H2O beginning ) should match to the planned site substructure, given its continued operation. Availability and quality of H2O one of the most critical factors in taking a site for building. The chief standards a minimal sum of available H2O per unit of clip, the entire sum of available H2O quality and cost. The ethical issue of golf classs appears when we begin to talk about environment. There is a standard statement against the development of golf classs argues that the golf class encroaches on unfastened infinite and reduces the impact of natural wildlife. Certain, there are cases of the golf class built on the incorrect topographic point, reverse to environmental Torahs and land usage. Such jobs arise when the serious concern of planing and constructing golf classs do laymans. In fact, golf classs provide and maintain valuable green infinite. So developers of golf industry must take into consideration particular restrictions. Therefore, taking into history the above discussed information it is possible to reason that the golf touristry is a comfortable way of development for many states presents. A situational analysis of the golf growing in Italy and its deductions in touristry development shows us that Italy is ready to go a golf state and it would pull tourer non merely by ain beautiful sceneries and architectural edifices, but besides by golf Fieldss and chance to be involved in this new sort of activity. Work cited: Apostolopoulos, Y. A ; Gayle, D. ( 2002 ) . Island Tourism and Sustainable Development: Caribbean, Pacific, and Mediterranean Experiences. Praeger. Beard, J.B. ( 1982 ) . Turfgrass Management for Golf Courses. Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. Brasch, R. ( 1970 ) . How did athleticss get down? : A expression at the beginnings of adult male at drama. McKay. Cochran, A. A ; Stobbs, J. ( 1969 ) The hunt for the perfect swing. New York: J.P. Lippincott Co. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.golfalot.com Ketzscher, R. and Ringrose, T. ( 2002 ) . Exploratory Analysis of European Professional Golf Association Statistics.Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series D ( The Statistician ) , Vol. 51, No. 2 ( 2002 ) , pp. 215-228. McGrath, C. , McCormick, D. A ; Garrity, J. ( 2006 ) . The ultimate golf book. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Parkes, M. ( 1996, April ) . Golf Courses Benefit the Environment. Parks A ; Recreation, Vol. 31. Strawn, J. ( 2010, February 1 ) . Golf Tourism in Italy. Retrieved hypertext transfer protocol: //johnstrawn.com/golf/golf/160/golf-tourism-in-italy Williams, M. ( 2003, July ) . The Golf Craze: Health and Networking Benefits Attract More Than a Million Players. Ebony, Vol. 58.

Does Evolution explain human nature

Does Evolution explain human nature Morality is one principle that applies in both human beings and animals alike especially considering the evolution theory. Morality covers a broad perspective made of several elements/virtues like empathy. In their work, Martin Nowak and Frans de Waal address the issue of empathy in relation to human evolution. Of the two scientists, Martin Nowak addresses the issue of empathy better in relation to human evolution.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Does Evolution explain human nature? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nowak’s explanation of empathy fits well in evolution. Elementary, evolution is based on natural selection, which in turn is based on competition. Therefore, if humans have evolved through competition and survival for the best, it means that there has to be a change of rules to contain competition prevalent in natural selection to accommodate empathy. Empathy calls for cooperation, which is non-exi stence in competition; therefore, â€Å"Cooperation means that one individual pays a cost for another individual to receive a benefit† (Nowak 12). This explains how empathy fits in this selfish nature of evolution as facilitated by natural selection. The rules change when the ‘cost’ for another individual is fully paid. There has to be mechanisms therefore, to facilitate paying this cost. To this Nowak posits, â€Å"The fundamental mechanisms encouraging cooperation are direct and indirect reciprocity† (Nowak 12). Direct reciprocity results from interaction of two same individuals; what one individual has done to the other, determines how the other individual will treat the former. On the other hand, indirect reciprocity insinuates that what an individual has done to others, will determine how she/he will be treated. This means that, even in presence of competition, two competing sides may have empathy towards each other and cooperate. This is why Nowak says that, â€Å"Cooperation†¦is another, fundamental force of evolution† (13). Therefore, just like natural selection, cooperation becomes part of evolution bringing in the element of empathy existing amidst competing and evolving beings. Frans de Waal on his side views empathy from a perspective that does not withhold the competing nature of natural selection that brings about evolution. According to Waal, â€Å"Human morality must be quite a bit older than religion and civilization. It may in fact, be older than humanity itself† (12). This argument may be true; however, it does not address the issue of competitive nature of evolution. It excludes the issue of survival for the fittest. Advertising Looking for essay on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While the principle cardinal rule of doing unto others as you wish them to do to you may hold true, it fails to explain how basic compo nents of evolution apply. Waal argues that, â€Å"Other primates live in highly structured cooperative groups in which rules and inhibitions apply and mutual aid is a daily occurrence† (12). The only thing he fails to address here is how these cooperative groups come to be in a scenario where everyone is competing to survive. He holds that empathy and reciprocity support human morality; however, the big question remains, how does empathy prevail in competition grounds. Looking at the two works of these scientists, Nowak seems to explain empathy better in relation to evolution. Without changing core principles of evolution like natural selection, empathy could only occur at a cost but not based on morality. Nowak exposits the process of paying the cost through reciprocity adding that cooperation is a basic element of evolution. Along evolution, competing individuals learn to empathize with those who empathize with them, hence cooperating in the process. Waal’s argumen t that human morality preceded humanity itself does not address the issue of competition in evolution. Nowak, Martin. â€Å"Does Evolution Explain Human Nature?† John Templeton Foundation. N.d. Web. www.templeton.org/evolution/Essays/Nowak.pdf Waal, Frans. â€Å"Does Evolution Explain Human Nature?† John Templeton Foundation. N.d. Web. www.templeton.org/evolution/Essays/deWaal.pdf

Concrete Homes - Best Bet on a Windy Day

Concrete Homes - Best Bet on a Windy Day When hurricanes and typhoons howl, the greatest danger to people and property is flying debris. Carried at such intense velocity, a 2 x 4 piece of lumber will become a missile that can slice through walls. When an EF2 tornado moved through central Georgia in 2008, a board from an awning was ripped off, took flight across the street, and impaled itself deep into an adjacent solid concrete wall. FEMA tells us this is a common wind-related event and recommends the building of safe rooms. Researchers at the National Wind Institute of Texas Tech University in  Lubbock have determined that concrete walls are strong enough to withstand flying debris from hurricanes and tornadoes. According to their findings, homes made of concrete are much more storm-resistant than houses constructed of wood or even wood studs with steel plates. The ramifications of these research studies are changing the way we build. The Research Study The Debris Impact Facility at Texas Tech is well-known for its pneumatic cannon, a device capable of launching various materials of different sizes at different speeds. The cannon is in a laboratory, a controlled environment, To duplicate hurricane-like conditions in the laboratory, researchers shot wall sections with 15-pound 2 x 4 lumber missiles at up to 100 mph, simulating debris carried in a 250 mph wind. These conditions cover all but the most severe tornadoes. Hurricane wind speeds are less than the speeds modeled here. Missile tests designed to demonstrate damage from hurricanes use a 9-pound missile traveling about 34 mph. Researchers tested 4 x 4-foot sections of concrete block, several types of insulating concrete forms, steel studs, and wood studs to rate performance in high winds. The sections were finished as they would be in a completed home: drywall, fiberglass insulation, plywood sheathing, and exterior finishes of vinyl siding, clay brick, or stucco. All of the concrete wall systems survived the tests with no structural damage. Lightweight steel and wood stud walls, however, offered little or no resistance to the missile. The 2 x 4 ripped through them. Intertek, a commercial product and performance testing company, has also done research with their own canon at Architectural Testing Inc. They point out that the safety of a concrete home can be deceptive if the house is built with unreinforced concrete block, which offers some protections but not total. Recommendations Reinforced concrete homes have proven their wind-resistance in the field during tornadoes, hurricanes, and typhoons. In Urbana, Illinois, a home constructed with insulating concrete forms (ICFs) withstood a 1996 tornado with minimal damage. In the Liberty City area of Miami, several concrete form homes survived Hurricane Andrew in 1992. In both cases, neighboring homes were destroyed. In the fall of 2012, Hurricane Sandy blew apart the older wood construction homes on the New Jersey coast, leaving alone the newer townhouses built with insulating concrete forms. Monolithic domes, which are made of concrete and rebar in one piece, have proven especially strong. The sturdy concrete construction combined with the dome shape make these innovative homes nearly impervious to tornadoes, hurricanes, and earthquakes. Many people cannot get over the look of these homes, however, although some brave (and wealthy) homeowners are experimenting with more modern designs. One such futuristic design has a hydraulic lift to actually move the structure below the ground before a tornado strikes. Researchers at Texas Tech University recommend that houses in tornado-prone areas build in-residence shelters of either concrete or  heavy gauge sheet-metal. Unlike hurricanes, tornadoes come with little warning, and reinforced interior rooms can offer more safety than an exterior storm shelter. Other advice researchers offer is to design your home with a hip roof instead of a gable roof, and everyone should use  hurricane straps to keep the roof on and the timbers straight. Concrete and Climate Change - More Research To make concrete, you need cement, and its well-known that the manufacturing of cement releases great amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere during the heating process. The building trade is one of the largest contributors to climate change, and cement makers and the people who purchase their product are some of the largest contributors to what we know to be greenhouse gas pollution. Research on new production methods will no doubt be met with resistance from a very conservative industry, but at some point consumers and governments will make new processes affordable and necessary. One company trying to find solutions is Calera Corporation of California. They have focused on recycling CO2 emissions into the production of a calcium carbonate cement. Their process uses the chemistry found in nature - what formed the White Cliffs of Dover and the shells of marine organisms? Researcher David Stone accidentally discovered an iron carbonate-based concrete when he was a graduate student at the University of Arizona. IronKast Technologies, LLC is in the process of commercializing Ferock and Ferrocrete, made from steel dust and recycled glass. Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) known as Ductal ® has been used successfully by Frank Gehry in the Louis Vuitton Foundation Museum in Paris and by architects Herzog de Meuron in the Pà ©rez Art Museum Miami (PAMM). The strong, thin concrete is expensive, but its a good idea to watch what the Pritzker Laureate architects are using, as they are often the first experimenters. Universities and government entities continue to be the incubators for new materials, researching and engineering composites with different properties and better solutions. And its not just concrete  - the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory has invented a glass substitute, a transparent, tough-as-armor ceramic called spinel (MgAl2O4). Researchers at MITs Concrete Sustainability Hub are also concentrating their attention on cement and its microtexture  - as well as the cost-effectiveness of these new and expensive products. Why You Might Want to Hire an Architect Building a home to withstand natures fury is not a simple task. The process is neither a construction nor design problem alone. Custom builders can specialize in insulated concrete rorms (ICF), and even give their end-products safe-sounding names like Tornado Guard, but architects can design beautiful buildings with evidence-based material specifications for builders to use. Two questions to ask if you are not working with an architect are 1. Does the construction company have architects on staff? and 2. Has the company financially sponsored any of the research testing? The professional field of architecture is more than sketches and floor plans. Texas Tech University even offers a Ph.D. in Wind Science and Engineering. Sources Inline photo link of Georgia tornado by Mike Moore/FEMA PhotoStorm Shelter Research and Storm Shelter FAQs, National Wind Institute, Texas Tech University [accessed November 20, 2017]A summary report on Debris Impact Testing at Texas Tech University, Prepared by Wind Science and Engineering Research Center, June 2003, PDF at https://www.depts.ttu.edu/nwi/research/DebrisImpact/Reports/DIF_reports.pdf [accessed November 20, 2017]Guidance for Wind Resistant Residential Design, Construction Mitigation, Larry J. Tanner, P.E., NWI Research Assistant Professor, Debris Impact Facility, National Wind Institute, Texas Tech University, PDF at depts.ttu.edu/nwi/research/DebrisImpact/Reports/GuidanceforWindResistantResidentialDesign.pdf [accessed November 20, 2017]Hurricane-Proof Construction Methods Can Prevent the Destruction of Communities,  Zach Mortice, Redshift by AutoDesk, November 9, 2017, https://www.autodesk.com/redshift/hurricane-proof-construction-methods-can-save-buildings-communi ties/ [accessed November 20, 2017]

Internation Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Internation Systems - Essay Example kkel Vedby Rasmussen in the work ‘The West, civil society, and the construction of peace’ points out that: â€Å"According to the theory, democracy is the manifestation of the causes of peace only. Democratic states are the means that realize the effective cause of peace: liberal society.† (Rasmussen, 2003, p.29) DPT symbolizes democracy, which is the expression of the facts related to peace. So, the democratic states are the best example for DPT, because a democracy leads to a liberal society where peace exists. The idea that a world of democracies would be more peaceful place is so significant because almost all bloodshed related to war were not among democratic countries. As democracy leads to stable governments which represent the aspiration of the people, there is high chance for it to support further democratic thoughts. Eventually, the spread of democratic thought leads to world peace. But it is noteworthy that democracy is not a single system and there are several systems of government under democracy. The general idea is same, i.e. the government which represent the people. Democracy shows immense respect towards private property and provides legal equality among citizens. As the democratic government is elected by the people, there is less chance for unlimited government control over the mass. But the universal definition of democracy is not same and it leads to misinterpretation of the very same idea. For instance, the bourgeois republics, dictatorships etc are inferred as democracies. Due to political pressure, in some countries, people are forced to elect dictators as their leader. But, this does not prove that this particular country is democratic. So, it is important to have a universally accepted definition for democracy. From another view point, the countries with educated population show the tendency to embrace democracy because it supports the free will of the people. Besides, to create an atmosphere of world peace, it is important for the

ICT in ELT (English Language Teaching) Research Paper

ICT in ELT (English Language Teaching) - Research Paper Example s therefore become expedient to note that the effective teaching and learning of English has gone beyond the stereotypical to regimented/tradition of mere classroom teaching because of the emergence of various gadgets in information and communication technology (Viatonu, Kayode 2000:1). In the 21st century, majority of people, be they students, researchers or teachers, are making use of the computer and internet to search for information, to chat or to play games. Teachers are becoming the greatest beneficiaries of digital media as far as bringing the world into the classroom is concerned and using authentic resource materials. ICT is being used to provide curriculum tasks and activities that challenge students; this extends to gifted and talented students. It helps them work to a higher level than they otherwise might, for instance, they can access not only the school library books but also academic treatises (Galloway, 2007:26). Galloway also established that ICT is beneficial to students in several ways. There is the potential to present information in multiple formats, speech and image, with software such as ‘Writing with Symbols’. With ICT, activities can be repeated endlessly and identically as students learn the practical nuances of English pronunciation (Galloway, 2007:26). ICT in ELT has also achieved its status as far as translation is concerned. Web-based instant translations are available to and from English and at least nine other languages. Because of the multimedia presentational possibilities and the activities now available, the curriculum is becoming deeper and more enriched by new technology, creating engaging and motivating learning experiences for all students regardless of their needs and abilities (Galloway, 2007:26). There are invaluable pedagogical gains in the use of ICT. This has also contributed to the status of ICT. Teachers are able to develop an effective learning platform. With such a platform, teachers are able to create

John Watson and B.F. Skinner Essay Example for Free

John Watson and B.F. Skinner Essay There are several theories out there on child development, but I’d like to share with you the theory that I believe in and connect with the most. This theory is called Behaviorism and Social- Learning and can be attributed to a psychologist named John Watson (1878-1958) and B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) Watson using classical conditioning which means the learning that takes place based on an association of a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus that does elicit response. It is important to note that in classical conditioning, the stimulus comes before the behavior or response. Skinner using operant conditioning which is defined as a process in which a response is gradually learned via reinforcement or punishment. John Watson and B.F. Skinner introduced this theory and felt that children learned through a system of stimulus/ response events. Watson and Skinner use nurture approach. Development is based upon learned behaviors which are based upon a child’s interactions with their environment and influenced by positive or negative reinforcement. Reinforcement can be both positive and negative. Positive reinforcement is something good for children, whereas negative reinforcement is something unpleasant, but remember this is not to be confused with punishment. One knows there are some drawbacks is that it does not account for children’s culture, their values, and their social influences such as the special relationship between them and their parent or peers. Social learning theory addresses these concerns. As child growing up with my brother my parents used  positive and negative reinforcement. When we did not receive a passing grade we would have to stay inside and work extra hard to pass the next test, or if the gave credit. But if we received a passing grade we would be rewarded by going out to dinner of our choice or getting ice cream. If we did chores around the house we had a choice between the prize or money. If we did not complete the chore we would not receive anything. Most of the time when we did not complete the chore we would get upset, so my parents would explain that when you do a chore you get rewarded, but if you do not do your chores you will not receive anything. I use Behaviorism and Social Learning theory while working with children. If the child had a good day at school I would give them something from the prize box when someone came to get them from school. When they did not have a good day at school and they receive nothing from the prize box, and when someone come to get them I would explain why happened at school, and that is why the child cant receive anything from the prize box today. I am not a parent yet, but when I do become a parent I will be use John Watson and B.F. Skinner theory in teaching my children.

Biological Warfare: Testing and Researching Toxins Essay -- Biological

Biological Warfare: Testing and Researching Toxins Biological Warfare is the use and employment of biological agents to harm or kill humans, animals, or plant life. Bio warfare can cause a significant amount of casualties with less preparation and work then other types of attacks. The weapons are relatively cheap and, unlike explosive attacks, biological attacks can be used to kill a select group. This meaning a biological agent can be created that would, for example only target animals or only target humans. There are various agents used in biological warfare. The U.S. Military defines these agents as "those biological pathogens and toxins that are intended for use during military operations to cause death and disease among personnel, animals, or plants, or to deteriorate material" [1]. Examples of such agents would be bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, and toxins which are derived from biological organisms. Each have great potential to harm mass amounts of people, animals, or plants depending on the target. The United States government has vowed to never use biological warfare agents and does not test for offensive purposes. This meaning that all testing goes towards developing immunizations, detection methods for detecting an attack, decontamination, rapid diagnostic tests and treatments. However, other countries have not taken the same action and many still test agents for their use in biological warfare. History of Biological Warfare Biological warfare is not a new technology. Infect the use of biological warfare goes back as far as the 1300's when swarms of rats and fleas were set loose to attack Tatar soldiers in the Black Sea port in Kaffa, currently known as Feodossia, Ukraine. The vermin carried disease wh... ...k it is really a huge threat that some toxin will fall into the hands of some evil person. The goods of testing far out way the negatives thus the U.S. should continue testing because ignorance is not bliss. Bibliography 1.Mauroni, Al. "Chemical and Biological Warfare". Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO Inc, 2003 2.Microbiology 101 Internet Text, 2000; http://www.slic2.wsu.edu:82/hurlbert/micro101/pages/GMBW 3.Mycoherbicide.net; http://mycoherbicide.net/HEALTH/Toxicity/toxicity.htm 4.McGovern, Thomas and Christopher, George; Biological Warfare and it's Cutaneous Manifestations; http://www.telemedicine.org/biowar/biologic.htm 5.Federation of Medical Scientists; Biological Weapons; http://www.fas.org/nuke/intro/bw/index.html 6.USAMRIIDS Medical Management of Bio Casualties handbook; http://www.usamriid.army.mil/education/bluebook/Mmbch4Adobepdfver4-02.pdf

This Room And Love After Love Comparison

Imtiaz Dharker's ‘This Room' is written to create an impression of seeking ‘freedom', where her room is ‘breaking out' and seeking ‘space, light and empty air'. In this poem dharker describes the room as going wild, with everything in it trying to escape to ‘freedom'. On the other hand, Derek Walcott's poem of ‘Love After Love' is telling us how to love our selves after ending a relationship or better how to love yourself before loving another. Walcott uses words such as elation and smile to show that his poem is all about learning, accepting and celebrating who you are. Dharker personifies the bed as ‘lifting out of its nightmares'. This shows that all negativity is being left behind, as chairs move out their usual ‘dark corners'. Alliteration and metaphors are also used to create an image and convey a sense of freedom as the chairs ‘crash through clouds'. In love after love, Walcott shows that learning to love yourself will not come immediately, but ‘the time will come'. He emphasizes that there is joy involved, as he says that it will be with ‘elation' as you ‘greet yourself' as you look at yourself in the mirror. The first stanza ends with the idea that you will smile at your self. Dharker's stanza three of ‘this room' goes on to carry the theme of celebration of the fact that life can be unpredictable. A description of the sounds and movements of the kitchen equipment that ‘bang together in celebration, clang' and eventually ‘fly' past the fan, they look to be following the chairs and bed upwards. The onomatopoeia also enhances the sound effects of the poem. In love after love, Walcott says ‘again the stranger who was yourself', conveys the idea that the person you use to be is like a stranger now. Walcott also uses religious diction, where he uses short imperative sentences, ‘give wine, give bread'. The religious words give a formal and caring tone to the poem. In ‘This Room', ‘no one is looking for the door' at the end of stanza three; this could either mean no one wants to leave this place because there is now a sense of celebration there or it could mean that, no one wants to use the easy way out, they want to have the feeling of expanding and growing, moving skywards and forward in life. ‘Love after love' is a poem that represents the internal thoughts of the writer. Walcott uses the phrase ‘peel your own images from the mirror'; here Walcott emphasizes that you're past, ‘all your life, whom you ignored' has value and helps for you to realise the importance of being comfortable and happy with who you are, accepting who you are. In ‘This Room', the 1st person is not used until the fourth stanza, ‘I'm wondering where I've left my feet'. Again emphasizing the point that that the atmosphere was exciting. The structure of the poem is not straightforward it is written in free verse although; Dharker uses enjambment to connect the fourth and fifth stanza witch is one line which emphasizes the ‘space' and ‘freedom'. ‘My hands are outside clapping', once again the writer emphasizes the idea of celebration. In love after love, Walcott uses enjambment to link one stanza with the next. In the third stanza he uses the imperative ‘take down the love letters from the book shelf'; the idea leads into the last stanza that continues with the ‘photographs, the desperate notes' which you should also take down. ‘Peel your own images from the mirror' and ‘Feast on your life'. Instead of reminding your self of your previous relationships and pictures of previous partners, Walcott wants us to look at our own life and appreciate who we are. In conclusion both poems have similar themes. The celebration of personal growth and expansion, accepting and being comfortable with who you are, are the key themes of the poems. Freedom is the most important thing and we should make the most of it in our lives. Both poems stress that the past should be left behind for example ‘lifting out of its nightmares' and ‘take down the love letters from the book shelf'. ‘This Room' is a metaphor for life' and ‘Love After Love' is about appreciating life. We should grow and think forwards.

Effects of Reconstruction on African Americans Essay

Reconstruction had a large impact on African Americans. It was a gateway period for African Americans into American society as equals. Many changes were made that helped them gain rights and acceptance, but it wasn’t an easy change. In the early years of reconstruction, black codes restricted African Americans greatly (Document D), but as reconstruction went on, various acts were passed to help African Americans gain passage into every day society (Document A). From 1865-1866, the Southern governments put Black Codes into place. These were laws that targeted blacks as unequals in society to try and regain white supremacy. Blacks couldn’t vote, purchase land, testify in court against a white man, bear arms (Document D), etc. Blacks were also forced to sign heavy-laboring contracts for work. Black Codes also sparked the emergence of the Ku Klux Klan, or KKK, who killed and lynched large numbers of African Americans and their families (Document G). Radical Republicans began to take action to give southern blacks equal rights in society. In 1866, the Civil Rights Act was passed that granted African Americans national citizenship and entitled them to sue and be sued, give evidence, and buy/sell/inherit land (Document H). Two years later in 1868, the 14th Amendment was ratified which made blacks both national citizens and citizens of the states that they resided (Document I). States now could not discriminate against blacks. From 1867-1877, Radical Republicans led Congress to many new laws promoting equality. The 15th Amendment was passed in 1870 granting black males the right to vote. Thomas Mundy Peterson was the first African American to vote under provisions of the latter (Document E). He voted in a municipal election in Perth Amboy in the same year, 1870. The KKK Act of 1871 made the infringement by private individuals of a person’s civil and political rights a federal crime. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 gave protection to blacks against segregation in public accommodations. Blacks were finally able to participate in southern politics. State constitutional conventions now had black delegates, southern blacks were elected to varied important state and local offices, and all state legislatures had black members. Some of the statewide offices held were governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, superintendent of education, state treasurer, senators, and representatives (Document C). Reconstruction introduced sharecropping to the black community. Sharecropping was a system in that blacks rented a plot of land and paid to the plantation owner a certain percentage of the cotton crop, work animals, fertilizer, and seed (Document H). Sharecropping became a system that croppers were greatly exploited in a variety of ways. Planters had a great advantage in the system. They charged high prices and outrageous interest rates for food and clothing purchased by sharecroppers on credit at the plantation store. Various organizations emerged like the Freedman’s Bureau to help African Americans in education, finding respected jobs, and establishing a place in society. The Freedman’s Bureau played a large role in education by donating supplies to school buildings and paying teachers (Document F). Many colleges and universities were also established. By 1876, all but three Southern states were restored to home rule (Document B). Things that may have effected this process were the use of violence by organizations like the KKK and Knights of the White Camelia to terrorize African Americans and their families, the depression of 1873-1877 that devastated Southern states’ credit, tax rolls, and budgets. Obviously, reconstruction had a huge impact on the everyday life of African Americans. African American advances were made that not only helped blacks but the overall feeling of unity in the US. As a result, many blacks began to feel comfortable in society and gain a sense of belonging.

Free Essays on Paul And His Views On Marriage

Paul and His View on Marriage This article, â€Å"Paul and How He Radically Redefined Marriage†, was written to discuss Paul’s drastic view on marriage and how it affected the Roman sexual revolution as well as the emerging Christian movement. The writer, Roy Bowen Ward, analyzes the views on marriage and sexual pleasure between different groups such as the Roman Knights and the Stoics. At the beginning of Christianity, the Roman Empire was having a hard time controlling the rate of people that have chosen to stay single. The Roman tradition was that marriage was a duty, and was endured only for the sake of obtaining heirs. Prostitutes satiated sexual desire, since it was commonly believed that it could not be possible between husband and wife. This led many people to remain unmarried, in order to pursue a lifestyle of sexual pleasure free of responsibility. While other more conservative groups, such as the Stoics, supported marriage, but opposed sexual pleasure except for procreation. Again st either backdrop, Paul’s view on marriage can be considered extreme, since it states that sexual desire was to be quenched only in marriage. This is indeed odd because the need to quench sexual desire was the reason many Romans did not marry. Paul also apparently does not recommend marriage for the reason of procreation. This is because he sees the purpose of obtaining heirs irrelevant on the grounds that the world will soon come to an end. Another drastic view of Paul’s is that the husband and wife are equal partners in marriage when it comes to receiving and obtaining sexual pleasure from each other. Since the Stoics, as well as other Roman philosophers believed that the wife was there only to serve the husband, Paul can be seen as the more liberal in his opinions. To summarize, Paul’s preference was for unmarried people to remain unmarried, since this was a way to exercise self-control, a virtue given to some by God. Paulï ¿ ½... Free Essays on Paul And His Views On Marriage Free Essays on Paul And His Views On Marriage Paul and His View on Marriage This article, â€Å"Paul and How He Radically Redefined Marriage†, was written to discuss Paul’s drastic view on marriage and how it affected the Roman sexual revolution as well as the emerging Christian movement. The writer, Roy Bowen Ward, analyzes the views on marriage and sexual pleasure between different groups such as the Roman Knights and the Stoics. At the beginning of Christianity, the Roman Empire was having a hard time controlling the rate of people that have chosen to stay single. The Roman tradition was that marriage was a duty, and was endured only for the sake of obtaining heirs. Prostitutes satiated sexual desire, since it was commonly believed that it could not be possible between husband and wife. This led many people to remain unmarried, in order to pursue a lifestyle of sexual pleasure free of responsibility. While other more conservative groups, such as the Stoics, supported marriage, but opposed sexual pleasure except for procreation. Again st either backdrop, Paul’s view on marriage can be considered extreme, since it states that sexual desire was to be quenched only in marriage. This is indeed odd because the need to quench sexual desire was the reason many Romans did not marry. Paul also apparently does not recommend marriage for the reason of procreation. This is because he sees the purpose of obtaining heirs irrelevant on the grounds that the world will soon come to an end. Another drastic view of Paul’s is that the husband and wife are equal partners in marriage when it comes to receiving and obtaining sexual pleasure from each other. Since the Stoics, as well as other Roman philosophers believed that the wife was there only to serve the husband, Paul can be seen as the more liberal in his opinions. To summarize, Paul’s preference was for unmarried people to remain unmarried, since this was a way to exercise self-control, a virtue given to some by God. Paulï ¿ ½...

Amputation Mishap

In the following paragraphs, negligence, gross negligence, and malpractice are discussed and determine if the newspaper’s statement of negligence is correct. Ethical principles in nursing and nursing documentation regarding such issues are also discussed. Negligence and malpractice fall under the tort laws definition. According to Guido (2010), â€Å"Torts are civil wrongs, not based on contracts, but on personal transgressions in that the responsible person performed an action incorrectly or omitted a necessary action† (p. 92). Tort laws are based on fault and in a health-care setting, tort laws are the most common. To determine if the above scenario results in negligence, gross negligence, or medical malpractice, one must understand the definition of each. According to Guido (2010), negligence is a general term and â€Å"equates with carelessness, a deviation from the standard of care that a reasonable person would use in a particular set of circumstances† (p. 2). According to Judson and Harrison (2006), four key elements (four D’s), must be present to prove negligence (p. 101): 1. Duty: The person charged has a duty to provide care to the patient. Neighborhood Hospital and staff have a duty to provide a standard of care that a reasonable person would use in a particular set of circumstances. 2. Dereliction: The person charged breaches the duty of care to the patient. The operating room team failed to identify the correct leg for amputation prior to proceeding with the operation; therefore a breach of duty has occurred. 3. Direct cause: The breach of duty is a direct cause of injury to the patient. The wrong leg is amputated as a direct result of failure to identify the correct leg for amputation. As a direct result, the patient will become a double amputee once the correct leg is amputated. 4. Damages: A recognizable injury to the patient is present. In this case, the wrong leg was amputated deeming a recognizable injury. Using the above criteria, negligence is present in this case scenario. Gross negligence occurs when medical practitioners perform an intentional act regardless of the negative, anticipated consequences. In this scenario, the patient must prove the medical staff at Neighborhood Hospital intentionally amputated the wrong leg. The medical staff at Neighborhood Hospital did not intentionally amputate the wrong leg, therefore ruling out gross negligence. According to Guido (2010), medical malpractice is â€Å"the failure of a professional person to act in accordance with the prevailing professional standards or failure to foresee consequences that a professional person, having the necessary skills and education, should foresee† (p. 93). Guido further states the difference between negligence and malpractice is licensure. If the act is by a non-professional person, it is negligence. If the act is by a professional person, it is malpractice. Six elements must be present to prove malpractice (Guido, 2010, p. 93): 1. Duty owed to the patient Neighborhood Hospital and staff have a duty to provide a standard of care that a reasonable person would use in a particular set of circumstances. 2. Breach of the duty owed to the patient. The operating room team failed to identify the correct leg for amputation prior to proceeding with the operation; therefore a breach of duty has occurred. 3. Foreseeability. The omission of identifying the correct leg for amputation prior to surgery. 4. Causation: breach of duty owed caused injury. The wrong leg is amputated as a direct result of failure to identify the correct leg for amputation. As a direct result, the patient will become a double amputee once the correct leg is amputated. 5. Injury. In this case, the wrong leg was amputated deeming a recognizable injury. 6. Damages. The amputated leg cannot be replaced; therefore the patient is entitled to compensatory damages regarding pain and suffering, permanent disability, disfigurement, emotional damages as well as financial loss and medical expenses. In this scenario, all six elements to prove malpractice are present. The negligence is by licensed personnel in a hospital setting. Using the definitions and criteria above, the newspaper incorrectly defines the mishap as negligence. The correct term to use in this case is professional negligence or malpractice. Nursing documentation should be reflective of the patient’s hospital stay. This includes identifying and addressing patient needs, assessments, problems, limitations, and responses to nursing interventions. According to Guido (2010), â€Å"Documentation must show continuity of care, interventions that were implemented, and patient responses to the therapies implemented. Nurses’ notes are to be concise, clear, timely, and complete† (p. 197). Guido (2010) lists the following guidelines for nurses to use to ensure documentation is complete and accurate (p. 197-209): 1. Make an entry for every observation. If documentation is absent, it can be assumed an observation did not take place. 2. Follow-up as needed. Evaluation and observations require follow up to ensure appropriate patient responses and optimal outcomes. . Read nurses notes prior to giving care. Reading nurses notes enable the nurse to know and understand patient diagnosis, response to treatment, and steps necessary to carry out the plan of care. 4. Always make an entry (even if it is late). Document immediately after the observation to reduce the risk of losing valuable information. A late entry is acceptable altho ugh risks omitting valuable information. Never document an event before it happens. 5. Use clear and objective language. Document using clear, objective, and definite terms to describe the observation. Vague terms lead to misinterpretation. 6. Be realistic and factual. It is important to document factual observations and assessments exactly as they happen. It is also recommended to document a realistic picture of the patient, especially if the patient is noncompliant with the plan of care. 7. Chart only one’s own observations. Charting observations of others is not accurate observations and can cause credibility of the nurse in question. 8. Chart all patient education 9. Correct chart errors. 10. Identify oneself after every entry. 11. Use standardized checklists or flow sheets. 2. Leave no room for liability. According to Guido (2010), â€Å"Understanding one’s ethics and values is the first step in understanding the ethics and values of others and in assuring the delivery of appropriate nursing care† (p. 4). Nurses and other healthcare providers face ethical issues daily. Together, law and ethics guide nursing practice to provide safe, effective care keeping patients free from harm. â€Å"Ethics are concerned with standards of behavior and the concept of right and wrong, over and above that which is legal in a given situation† (Judson Harrison, 2006, p. ). In addition, understanding law and ethics in nursing practice keeps nurses at their professional best and decreases the risk of legal litigation, such as the scenario described by the Neighborhood News. â€Å"Though malpractice is rare in the lives of individual healthcare professionals, the number of malpractice suits is on the rise† (Larson Elliott, 2010, p. 153). The nursing profession has more professional responsibility and accountability than any other time in the history of nursing. According to Weld and Garmon Bibb (2009), â€Å"nurses must confront the fact that they now owe a higher duty of care to their patients, and by extension, are more exposed to civil claims for negligence than ever before† (p. 2). Understanding ethical principles in nursing, importance of nursing documentation and how it relates to medical malpractice and negligence is imperative. References: Guido, G. W. (2010). Legal Ethical Issues in Nursing (5th ed. ). University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Judson, K. , Harrison, C. (2006). Law Ethics for Medical Careers (5th ed. ). University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Larson, K. , Elliott, R. (2010, March-April). The Emotional Impact of Malpractice. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 37(2), 153-156. Ebscohost. com. Prideaux, A. (2011). Issues in Nursing Documentation and Record Keeping Practice. British Journal of Nursing, 20(22), 1450-1454. Ebscohost. com The Neighborhood- Pearson Health Science. The Neighborhood News. Retrieved October 1, 2012, from http://pearsonneighborhood. ecollege. com/re/DotNextLaunch. asp? courseid=3609454 Weld, K. K. , Garmon Bibb, S. C. (2009, January-March). Concept Analysis: Malpractice and Modern-Day Nursing Practice. Nursing Forum, 44(1), 2-10. Ebscohost. com. Amputation Mishap In the following paragraphs, negligence, gross negligence, and malpractice are discussed and determine if the newspaper’s statement of negligence is correct. Ethical principles in nursing and nursing documentation regarding such issues are also discussed. Negligence and malpractice fall under the tort laws definition. According to Guido (2010), â€Å"Torts are civil wrongs, not based on contracts, but on personal transgressions in that the responsible person performed an action incorrectly or omitted a necessary action† (p. 92). Tort laws are based on fault and in a health-care setting, tort laws are the most common. To determine if the above scenario results in negligence, gross negligence, or medical malpractice, one must understand the definition of each. According to Guido (2010), negligence is a general term and â€Å"equates with carelessness, a deviation from the standard of care that a reasonable person would use in a particular set of circumstances† (p. 2). According to Judson and Harrison (2006), four key elements (four D’s), must be present to prove negligence (p. 101): 1. Duty: The person charged has a duty to provide care to the patient. Neighborhood Hospital and staff have a duty to provide a standard of care that a reasonable person would use in a particular set of circumstances. 2. Dereliction: The person charged breaches the duty of care to the patient. The operating room team failed to identify the correct leg for amputation prior to proceeding with the operation; therefore a breach of duty has occurred. 3. Direct cause: The breach of duty is a direct cause of injury to the patient. The wrong leg is amputated as a direct result of failure to identify the correct leg for amputation. As a direct result, the patient will become a double amputee once the correct leg is amputated. 4. Damages: A recognizable injury to the patient is present. In this case, the wrong leg was amputated deeming a recognizable injury. Using the above criteria, negligence is present in this case scenario. Gross negligence occurs when medical practitioners perform an intentional act regardless of the negative, anticipated consequences. In this scenario, the patient must prove the medical staff at Neighborhood Hospital intentionally amputated the wrong leg. The medical staff at Neighborhood Hospital did not intentionally amputate the wrong leg, therefore ruling out gross negligence. According to Guido (2010), medical malpractice is â€Å"the failure of a professional person to act in accordance with the prevailing professional standards or failure to foresee consequences that a professional person, having the necessary skills and education, should foresee† (p. 93). Guido further states the difference between negligence and malpractice is licensure. If the act is by a non-professional person, it is negligence. If the act is by a professional person, it is malpractice. Six elements must be present to prove malpractice (Guido, 2010, p. 93): 1. Duty owed to the patient Neighborhood Hospital and staff have a duty to provide a standard of care that a reasonable person would use in a particular set of circumstances. 2. Breach of the duty owed to the patient. The operating room team failed to identify the correct leg for amputation prior to proceeding with the operation; therefore a breach of duty has occurred. 3. Foreseeability. The omission of identifying the correct leg for amputation prior to surgery. 4. Causation: breach of duty owed caused injury. The wrong leg is amputated as a direct result of failure to identify the correct leg for amputation. As a direct result, the patient will become a double amputee once the correct leg is amputated. 5. Injury. In this case, the wrong leg was amputated deeming a recognizable injury. 6. Damages. The amputated leg cannot be replaced; therefore the patient is entitled to compensatory damages regarding pain and suffering, permanent disability, disfigurement, emotional damages as well as financial loss and medical expenses. In this scenario, all six elements to prove malpractice are present. The negligence is by licensed personnel in a hospital setting. Using the definitions and criteria above, the newspaper incorrectly defines the mishap as negligence. The correct term to use in this case is professional negligence or malpractice. Nursing documentation should be reflective of the patient’s hospital stay. This includes identifying and addressing patient needs, assessments, problems, limitations, and responses to nursing interventions. According to Guido (2010), â€Å"Documentation must show continuity of care, interventions that were implemented, and patient responses to the therapies implemented. Nurses’ notes are to be concise, clear, timely, and complete† (p. 197). Guido (2010) lists the following guidelines for nurses to use to ensure documentation is complete and accurate (p. 197-209): 1. Make an entry for every observation. If documentation is absent, it can be assumed an observation did not take place. 2. Follow-up as needed. Evaluation and observations require follow up to ensure appropriate patient responses and optimal outcomes. . Read nurses notes prior to giving care. Reading nurses notes enable the nurse to know and understand patient diagnosis, response to treatment, and steps necessary to carry out the plan of care. 4. Always make an entry (even if it is late). Document immediately after the observation to reduce the risk of losing valuable information. A late entry is acceptable altho ugh risks omitting valuable information. Never document an event before it happens. 5. Use clear and objective language. Document using clear, objective, and definite terms to describe the observation. Vague terms lead to misinterpretation. 6. Be realistic and factual. It is important to document factual observations and assessments exactly as they happen. It is also recommended to document a realistic picture of the patient, especially if the patient is noncompliant with the plan of care. 7. Chart only one’s own observations. Charting observations of others is not accurate observations and can cause credibility of the nurse in question. 8. Chart all patient education 9. Correct chart errors. 10. Identify oneself after every entry. 11. Use standardized checklists or flow sheets. 2. Leave no room for liability. According to Guido (2010), â€Å"Understanding one’s ethics and values is the first step in understanding the ethics and values of others and in assuring the delivery of appropriate nursing care† (p. 4). Nurses and other healthcare providers face ethical issues daily. Together, law and ethics guide nursing practice to provide safe, effective care keeping patients free from harm. â€Å"Ethics are concerned with standards of behavior and the concept of right and wrong, over and above that which is legal in a given situation† (Judson Harrison, 2006, p. ). In addition, understanding law and ethics in nursing practice keeps nurses at their professional best and decreases the risk of legal litigation, such as the scenario described by the Neighborhood News. â€Å"Though malpractice is rare in the lives of individual healthcare professionals, the number of malpractice suits is on the rise† (Larson Elliott, 2010, p. 153). The nursing profession has more professional responsibility and accountability than any other time in the history of nursing. According to Weld and Garmon Bibb (2009), â€Å"nurses must confront the fact that they now owe a higher duty of care to their patients, and by extension, are more exposed to civil claims for negligence than ever before† (p. 2). Understanding ethical principles in nursing, importance of nursing documentation and how it relates to medical malpractice and negligence is imperative. References: Guido, G. W. (2010). Legal Ethical Issues in Nursing (5th ed. ). University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Judson, K. , Harrison, C. (2006). Law Ethics for Medical Careers (5th ed. ). University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Larson, K. , Elliott, R. (2010, March-April). The Emotional Impact of Malpractice. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 37(2), 153-156. Ebscohost. com. Prideaux, A. (2011). Issues in Nursing Documentation and Record Keeping Practice. British Journal of Nursing, 20(22), 1450-1454. Ebscohost. com The Neighborhood- Pearson Health Science. The Neighborhood News. Retrieved October 1, 2012, from http://pearsonneighborhood. ecollege. com/re/DotNextLaunch. asp? courseid=3609454 Weld, K. K. , Garmon Bibb, S. C. (2009, January-March). Concept Analysis: Malpractice and Modern-Day Nursing Practice. Nursing Forum, 44(1), 2-10. Ebscohost. com.