Gender Roles During The Middle East - 2731 Words

What do you think of when you hear gender roles? You probably think of men and women having the same opportunities. Or you think of how there isn’t gender equality in most places in the world. Most people are against others saying that males and females should have gender roles, or that one thing should be identified into a gender role. There are very different norms in different societies around the world. Not all are agreed with, but some are completely supported. Gender roles have changed throughout evolution. Gender roles can even be created from humans portraying something a certain way. Life for those who have their life controlled by one human struggle with gender roles and how they should be. But how did gender roles even become a topic? How are gender roles for people who have almost no rights? The Middle East has different tendencies than in other places in the world, due to the fact of the religion they practice and the way they live. Islam is the second most popula r religion in the world. There were about 1.6 billion Muslims in the world in 2010, according to Pew Research. Muslims constituted about 23% of all people on Earth. The religion is currently in a period of rapid growth, and is expected to reach 2.8 billion by 2050, when the number of Muslims will probably approximately equal the number of Christians in the world. Estimates of the number of Muslim adults in the U.S. have ranged from 1 to 7 million. The former estimate is based on public opinion pollsShow MoreRelatedWomen And The Middle East And North Africa1148 Words   |  5 PagesThe diversities within North Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia (cultural, religious, political, etc.) play a crucial part in the status of women and the key features of gender roles in these particular geographic regions. The Middle East and North Africa share commonalities through Arabic and Islamic culture. 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The middle-classed people had religiousRead MoreA Summary Of The Clash Of Civilization1608 Words   |  7 Pagesthe â€Å"Clash of Civilizations: And the Remaking of World Order, then Edward Said writing a scholarly essay on his theory known as Orientalism. These two theories both established in the same era refer to issues within economies like the Women in the Middle World. Clash of Civilization The Clash of Civilizations is a theory or hypothesis that came about after the Cold War. A scientist by the name of Huntington P. Samuel wrote a book and article called The Clash of Civilization; And the Remaking ofRead MoreTextual Analysis Of Leila Ahmed s Women And Gender1451 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Leila Ahmed’s â€Å"Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate† â€Å"Women and Gender in Islam† by Leila Ahmed was published in 1992, at a time when research on Arab women was a young, newly emerging field of study. Leila Ahmed is an Egyptian American writer and feminist. 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The Big Society A Realistic Objective or a Political Myth Free Essays

string(31) " the new coalition government\." Chapter 1 Introduction Socio-political background The connection between civil society and the state reflects the changing nature of the public – private interaction and poses questions about the role of government in advanced capitalist societies. The constantly changing dynamics of the public-private coexistence is a direct response to the processes of globalization and modernization, which have placed the state in an entirely different realm, and have challenged its parameters as a political entity. On the international level, what Samuel Huntington called â€Å"the third wave of democratization† (1991) has seen the globalization of world politics, and according to some, the undermined capacity of the state (Cerny, 1990; Scholte, 2006; Rosenau 1990). We will write a custom essay sample on The Big Society: A Realistic Objective or a Political Myth? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The third wave of democratization in the world has also been marked by the rise of the global civil society and the increasing power of non-governmental organizations and associations (Bull, 1977). On the domestic level, a similar process can be traced. Throughout the last several decades, the traditional political ubiquity of the state has been challenged, with the rise of civil society and associational democracy (Baccaro, 2002). The state no longer exists in its exhausted and narrow confinement as a ‘provider’ of public services. Its functions, theorists like Baccaro argue, have been divulged to the local communities and voluntary associations, which have become the new pillar not only of public opinion, but also for public advocacy in legislature. Civil society challenges the modern state to some extent, but its functions do not aim to undermine its capabilities. As this dissertation will argue, they seek to reinforce them. 1.2 Research aims This dissertation will examine the feasibility and sustainability of the Big Society Project as a model of political governance. In order to do this, the author will focus on the connection between the private and the public in the contemporary state, and will assess the resuscitating power of civil society in the public sector. It will illustrate the theoretical connection between the two through the critical analysis of a rather contemporary juxtaposition between civil society and the state, proposed by the Conservative Party in 2010. Specific aspects will cover the shift of state powers from the public to the private realm. 1.3 Historical trends before the Big Society Although the Big Society was represented as a strategy by the Conservative Party, its ideological tenets can be found in earlier observations, related to the rise of an independent civil state and community participation. Attempts to accommodate civil society and the state in the same political equation have started at the turn of the last century, with a deep reconsideration of the main characteristics of advanced capitalist societies and the role of the state. A leading Marxist theorist, Antonio Gramsci proposes a classic division between the state and non-state elements of governance in his Selections from the Prison Notebooks (1971). He views civil society as an organic entity, which exists beyond the realm of the government. The controversy in his theoretical model of governance comes from the exaggerated view that the civil society can exist as a self-regulatory body in a stateless world. A more moderate view on the connection between civil society and the state is proposed by sociologist Max Weber. In his Politics of the Civil Society Weber discusses the idea of public citizenship and its role in mass democracy. He discusses civil society not as an alternative, but as a cultivating force, neces sary for the existence of the modern state (Weber, 2004). The Weberian approach to understanding civil society suggests that the connection between the public and private is not necessarily exclusionary, as suggested by the Marxists. In his 1962 Capitalism and Political Freedom, economist Milton Friedman discusses economic neo-liberalism as an important prerequisite for political freedom of the citizens. He emphasizes the central role of the government as a provider of legislature, which would enforce property rights and civil institutions. Friedman’s economic philosophy of government intervention suggests a model of public-private form of governance. In an extensive study on social movements called Beyond Left and Right, Anthony Giddens goes even further and suggests that social movements are stronger advocates for change than political parties are (Giddens, 1994). Last but not least, in his Bowling Alone: America’s Declining Social Capital (1995) Robert Putnam uses the decline of voluntary associations and civic engagement to explain the social decay of the American community. As symptoms of social apathy, he points out the political disengagement of the American public and its growing distrust to the government (Putnam, 1995). The ideological tenet of the Big Society can also be related to what Lucio Baccaro calls associational democracy (2002). He describes associational democracy as the intersection between civil society and the state. Baccaro’s vision of decentralization and empowerment of the local communities can be used to fit the Big Society into a wider theoretical realm. Baccaro offers a model of public-private governance, which reveals elements of societal conservatism behind the Big Society’s main goal – the shift of regulatory powers from the government bureaucrats into the hands of the people. It is not difficult to notice a historical trend on the changing divisions between civil society and the state. Last several decades have witnessed a major shift towards empowerment of the private sector, and transfer of powers and regulatory functions in the hands civil society organizations. This trend does not necessarily mean however that the state as a provider of services and individual well-being is in decline. On the contrary, this historic tendency suggests that civil society is a pillar, not a threat to the state and can act as a channel for reform in the public sector. The next section will examine its contemporary manifestations as a policy, proposed by David Cameron and the Conservative Party in 2010. 1.4. What is the Big Society In July 2010 in Liverpool, after the general elections, David Cameron re-launched the Big Society Programme, which was to become part of the political platform of the new coalition government. You read "The Big Society: A Realistic Objective or a Political Myth?" in category "Essay examples" The programme had five main tenets: localism and more power for the communities; volunteerism; transfer of power from central to local government; support of cooperatives, charities, and social enterprises; transparency of government legislation (Cameron, 2010). Under the Big Society programme, initiatives such as the Big Society Bank and the National Citizen Service (NCS) were established. The idea behind the Big Society is to attribute more responsibilities to the citizens as key participants in the policy-making process. According to David Cameron, its main purpose was to propose a ground up approach of governance, where power and ideas will derive from the people (Cameron, 2010). The Conservative Party proposed the Big Society Project as the engine of public sector reform. The government indicated that the Big Society would empower local communities in their attempts to solve problems in their own neighborhood, and to voice their opinions. 1.4.1 Ideology The ideology behind the Big Society is an unconventional type of conservatism. It views successful governance as a hybrid between the private and the public sectors, and citizens’ initiative as a prerequisite for associational democracy. The idea behind the Big Society is very often confused with classic Marxism, which offers an extreme and rather utopian view of civic associations as a necessary replacement of the state. The rise of a big society however, does not imply the demise of the state. The Big Society can be interpreted as a politically sensible response to the economic recession, poverty, and social breakdown. It has lead to Cameron’s recognition of the role of the public sector and volunteerism as antidotes of a disintegrating society (Bochel Defty, 2010; Evans, 2011; Smith, 2010). The ideas of the Big Society diverge from the stance of some of David Cameron’s predecessors such as Margaret Thatcher, because it recognizes the role of non-state associa tions as advocates for political change and providers for the citizens. At the same time, it does not use the societal factor as an umbrella for a smaller government (Norman, 2011; Smith, 2010). Therefore, the ideology behind the Big Society can be described as societal conservatism. Societal should not be confused with social (or socialist), because the Big Society project does not exclude privatization within the welfare sector and public sector cuts. 1.4.2 Responses The Big Society project has provoked mixed responses. Its supporters claim that the idea to unite the public and the private sector as providers for the citizens is revolutionary and democratically advanced. Liberals tend to view this idea as innovative, because it emphasizes the role of the citizens in shaping modern day policy. The main criticisms of the Big Society are that is has been used to justify the radical budget cuts in the public and social sectors, and is too utopian to be implemented in practice. A popular criticism points to the lack of citizens’ incentive and appropriate skills, which are prerequisites for a fulfilling civic participation (Grint Holt, 2011; Hasan, 2010). 1.4.3 Local empowerment and decentralization Localism and decentralization have been key tenets on the Big society agenda. Some of the proposals, designed to empower local authorities and citizens include introducing directly elected mayors and police commissioners; devolving the financial powers of local government; increasing transparency and letting local citizens choose the organisational structure of their local council (Inside Government, 2011). The ideology behind local empowerment and decentralization is akin to the neo-liberal political thought. The transformation of local empowerment into an actual policy came to life in March 2011, when the Localism Bill was passed by the House of Commons despite controversies over social housing (Hodge, 2011). Some of the prescriptions of the Localism Bill have already been put into practice. Ministers have started giving councils greater financial freedom, by devolving ?7 billion more of government funding. They have removed burdens and bureaucratic controls so that they local governments can prioritize budgets to support public services in ways, which meet the priorities of local people and communities (Communities Local Government, 2011). This is one way to enhance reform in the public sector, as it will give more incentive for local governments to improve their services, and they will be transformed from recipients of policy, into actual initiators of one. 1.4.4 Volunteerism Another important tenet of the Big Society Project is the idea of volunteerism and civic associations. The new government has encouraged voluntary organizations and social enterprises, as another way to reform the public sector. Two of the key programmes, related to Big Society volunteerism are the National Citizens Service (NCS) and Community Organizers. These two programmes target thousands of volunteers of all age groups and different social backgrounds nationwide, and their participation in community projects in 2011 and 2012 (Cabinet Office, 2011). The ideology behind volunterrism relates to associational democracy, which holds that democratization does not necessarily come from the state, but also from the citizenry, with its accumulated incentives and skills. As far as policy is concerned, both NCS and Community Organizers already exist as programmes. Whether efficacy has been achieved will be discussed in detail in the following chapters. In general, the Big Society is an opportunity for citizens to participate in the actual process of policy-making and to provide first-hand feedback to those responsible for legislation. The most important component of the Big Society is the financial autonomy of the local councils, because it will play important part in the allocation of budgets. Local councils know the needs of their residents better than the national government (Smith, 2010; Norman, 2011). Their financial plans will be much more realistic and sustainable, targeting the public sectors policies, which have the biggest demand and have been starved for resources in the past. Financial decentralization can bring not only better quality of public sector services, but also more realistic response to the actual needs of the local residents. 1.5 Summary This chapter has traced the historical and policy features of the idea of the Big Society, and has examined some of its basic tenets. The remaining chapters will examine in detail the feasibility of the Big Society as a form of political governance, which can make local communities more involved in the policy-making process. Bibliography: Baccaro, L. (2002) â€Å"Civil Society Meets the State: A Model of Associational Democracy†. International Labour Office Working Paper No. DP/138/2002. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=334860 or doi:10.2139/ssrn.334860 Retrieved 05.03.2012 Bochel, H. Defty, A. (2010) â€Å"Safe as HouseConservative Social Policy, Public Opinion and Parliament†, The Political Quarterly, Vol 81, No 1, January-March Bull, H. (1977). The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillian Cabinet Office (2010) â€Å"Government Launches Big Society Programme†, 18 May, Available at: http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/news/government-launches-big-society-programme Retrieved 05.03.2012 ___________ (2010) â€Å"Government Puts Big Society at the Heart of Public Sector Reform†, 18 May Available at: http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/news/big-society-heart-public-sector-reform Retrieved 05.03.2012 ___________ (2010) â€Å"Building the Big Society†, Available at: http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/sites/default/files/resources/building-big-society.pdf Retrieved 05.03.2012 Cameron, D. (2010) â€Å"Big Society Speech†, Monday, 19 July Available at: http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/speeches-and-transcripts/2010/07/big-society-speech-53572 Retrieved 05.03.2012 Cerny, P.G. (1990). The Changing Architecture of Politics: Structure, Agency and the Future of the State, London Communities and Local Government (2011) â€Å"The Localism Bill marks a turning point†, 7 June, Available at: http://www.communities.gov.uk/news/corporate/1917316 Retrieved 05.03.2012 Della Porta, D. Diani, M. (2006). Social Movements: An Introduction. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, UK. p. 93-113 Evans, K. (2011) â€Å"Big Society in the UK: A Policy Review†, Vol 25, Issue 2, pp. 164-171, March Friedman, M. (1962) â€Å"The Relation between Economic Freedom and Political Freedom,† Capitalism and Freedom. University of Chicago Press, pp. 7-17 Available at: http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/ipe/friedman.htm Retrieved 05.03.2012 Giddens, A. (1994) Beyond Left and Right. The Future of Radical Politics, Stanford University Press Gramsci, A. (1971) Selections from the Prison Notebooks, Lawrence and Wishart Grint, K. Holt, C. (2011) â€Å"Leading Questions: If ‘Total Place’, ‘Big Society’ and local leadership are the answers: What’s the question?†, Leadership, 7 (I) 85-98 Hasan, M. (2010) â€Å"The Sham of Cameron’s Big Society†, New Statesman, 22 November Hodge, K. (2011) â€Å"Localism bill passed, advice for the elderly and regeneration cash†, Housing Network Blog, Guardian, 19 May Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/housing-network/2011/may/19/localism-bill-advice-elderly-regeneration-cash Retrieved 05.03.2012 Huntington, S. P. (1991) Democracy’s Third Wave. The Journal of Democracy, 2(2) Inside Government (2011) â€Å"Big Society 2011: Empowering Communities, Encouraging Social Action and Opening Up Public Services†, 31 March Available at: http://www.insidegovernment.co.uk/economic_dev/big-society-2011/ Retrieved 05.03.2012 Marquand, D. (2004) The Decline of the Public: Hollowing Out Citizenship, Polity Press, Cambridge Norman, J. (2011) The Anatomy of the New Politics Buckingham: University of Buckingham Press Putnam, R. (1995). â€Å"Bowling Alone. America’s Declining Social Capital† Journal of Democracy 6, 65-78 Available at: http://canonsociaalwerk.be/1995_Putnam/1995,%20Putnam,%20bowling%20alone.pdf Rosenau, J.N. (1990) Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory and Continuity, London Scholte, J.A.(2006). Globalization a Critical Introduction. Palgrave Macmilian, UK. p. 13-123 Smith, M. (2010) â€Å"From Big Government to Big Society: Changing the State–Society Balance†, Parliamentary Affairs, Vol. 63, Issue 4, pp. 818-833 Weber, M. (2004) Politics of the Civil Society, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press How to cite The Big Society: A Realistic Objective or a Political Myth?, Essay examples

Film Review Difret Essay Example For Students

Film Review Difret Essay Difret is a movie about a young, 14 year old girl, who was kidnapped on her way home from school one day. Her name was Hirut and seemed very quite. She had just received a note from the teacher saying she could move on to the 5th grade. Unfortunate for her, it wasn’t a good day. She got kidnapped by a man that wants to marry her against her will. When she escapes, she shoots and kills her soon to be husband, and that’s where it all started. She was being accused for murder, and was prisoned in jail for life. We will write a custom essay on Film Review Difret specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now But then a lady, named Meaza ashenafi, comes to her rescue and tries to get her a trial and tells them that she should be charged for self-defense not murder. Because in Ethiopia it was common for man to abduct their wives, her self-defense argument was being ignored, and most of the village wanted to kill Hirut. Throughout the whole movie Hirut was struggling, but at the end Hirut won, with the help of Meaza. It was a great movie, but sometimes hard to understand what they were actually saying because it wasn’t in English. The movie is most likely set in Africa, because it seemed real. In my opinion the ending didn’t make any sense. Why did Hirut just walk away? Where is she going to go? She doesn’t have a place to live, and neither can she go back to her village to her family. She says good-bye to Meaza, but she was the only lady that would have been able to take care of her. She doesn’t have anywhere to be, neither does she have something remaining to do. There are moments where it was silent when it wasn’t needed. The acting of the actors was good for the most part but sometimes the back up actors don’t seem to like what their doing, for example the police officer that always salutes to the chief. It seems like he is being forced to act. Otherwise the movie looked professionally made and not cheap. This movie also gives you the feeling of how lucky a person is to live in other countries such as America. Movies like these make you think of what goes on in the rest of the world. After watching the movie, I felt so bad for the girls in AfricaDifret is a movie about a young, 14 year old girl, who got kidnapped on her way home from school one day. Her name was Hirut and seemed very quite. She had just received a note from the teacher saying she could move on to the 5th grade. Unfortunate for her, it wasn’t a good day. She got kidnapped by a man that wants to marry her against her will. When she escapes, she shoots and kills her soon to be husband, and that’s where it all started. She was being accused for murder, and was prisoned in jail for life. But then a lady, named Meaza ashenafi, comes to her rescue and tries to get her a trial and tells them that she should be charged for self-defense not murder. Because in Ethiopia it was common for man to abduct their wives, her self-defense argument was being ignored, and most of the village wanted to kill Hirut. Throughout the whole movie Hirut was struggling, but at the end Hirut won, with the help of Meaza. Difret is a movie about a young, 14 year old girl, who got kidnapped on her way home from school one day. Her name was Hirut and seemed very quite. She had just received a note from the teacher saying she could move on to the 5th grade. Unfortunate for her, it wasn’t a good day. She got kidnapped by a man that wants to marry her against her will. When she escapes, she shoots and kills her soon to be husband, and that’s where it all started. .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a , .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a .postImageUrl , .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a , .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a:hover , .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a:visited , .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a:active { border:0!important; } .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a:active , .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u948492abbfcc37d8372501d61633d53a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: An exploration of the ways in which the Two Film Openings present their Characters and Themes EssayShe was being accused for murder, and was prisoned in jail for life. But then a lady, named Meaza ashenafi, comes to her rescue and tries to get her a trial and tells them that she should be charged for self-defense not murder. Because in Ethiopia it was common for man to abduct their wives, her self-defense argument was being ignored, and most of the village wanted to kill Hirut. Throughout the whole movie Hirut was struggling, but at the end Hirut won, with the help of Meaza. It was a great movie, but sometimes hard to understand what they were actually saying because it wa sn’t in English. The movie is most likely set in Africa, because it seemed real. In my opinion the ending didn’t make any sense. Why did Hirut just walk away? Where is she going to go? She doesn’t have a place to live, and neither can she go back to her village to her family. She says good-bye to Meaza, but she was the only lady that would have been able to take care of her. She doesn’t have anywhere to be, neither does she have something remaining to do. There are moments where it was silent when it wasn’t needed. The acting of the actors was good for the most part but sometimes the back up actors don’t seem to like what their doing, for example the police officer that always salutes to the chief. It seems like he is being forced to act. Otherwise the movie looked professionally made and not cheap. This movie also gives you the feeling of how lucky a person is to live in other countries such as America. Movies like these make you think of what goes on in the rest of the world. After watching the movie, I felt so bad for the girls in Africa. It was a great movie, but sometimes hard to understand what they were actually saying because it wasn’t in English. The movie is most likely set in Africa, because it seemed real. In my opinion the ending didn’t make any sense. Why did Hirut just walk away? Where is she going to go? She doesn’t have a place to live, and neither can she go back to her village to her family. She says good-bye to Meaza, but she was the only lady that would have been able to take care of her. She doesn’t have anywhere to be, neither does she have something remaining to do. There are moments where it was silent when it wasn’t needed. The acting of the actors was good for the most part but sometimes the back up actors don’t seem to like what their doing, for example the police officer that always salutes to the chief. It seems like he is being forced to act. Otherwise the movie looked professionally made and not cheap. This movie also gives you the feeling of how lucky a person is to live in other countries such as America. Movies like these make you think of what goes on in the rest of the world. After watching the movie, I felt so bad for the girls in Africa.